References

(Mostly in Harvard style citation format)
Special thanks toJacob Damm, Cornell ANTHR3040 professor, for his guidance on the project.
  • GORDON DOHERTY, AUTHOR. (n.d.). Death from the Waves - the Sea People. [online] Available at: https://www.gordondoherty.co.uk/writeblog/death-from-the-waves-the-sea-people [Accessed 1 May 2024].
  • www.youtube.com. (n.d.). Who were the Sea Peoples? | The Bronze Age Collapse. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9jqwLYeVtk&ab_channel=ReligionForBreakfast [Accessed 1 May 2024].
  • Betancourt, P. 2000. 15. The Aegean and the Origin of the Sea Peoples. In: Oren, E. ed. The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 297-304. https://doi.org/10.9783/9781934536438.297
  • O'Connor, D. 2000. 5. The Sea Peoples and the Egyptian Sources. In: Oren, E. ed. The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 85-102. https://doi.org/10.9783/9781934536438.85
  • Raffaele D’Amato and Salimbeti, A. (2015). Sea Peoples of the Bronze Age Mediterranean c.1400 BC–1000 BC. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Feldman, M., Master, D.M., Bianco, R.A., Burri, M., Stockhammer, P.W., Mittnik, A., Aja, A.J., Jeong, C. and Krause, J. (2019). Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines. Science Advances, 5(7), p.eaax0061. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0061.
  • 'Sea Peoples' (2024). Wikipedia. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples (Accessed: 1 May 2024). (referred to generally in the context of the project)
  • Peet, T.E. (1934). Medinet Habu, Volume I: Earlier Historical Records of Ramses III; Volume II: Later Historical Records of Ramses III. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 20(1), pp.123–124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/030751333402000132.
  • Cline, E.H. (2015). 1177 B.C. : the year civilization collapsed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Drews, R. (2000). Medinet Habu: Oxcarts, Ships, and Migration Theories. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 59(3), pp.161–190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/468830.
  • Meiberg, L., 2013. Philistine lion-headed cups: Aegean or Anatolian?. In: A.E. Killebrew & G. Lehmann, eds. The Philistines and Other “Sea Peoples” in Text and Archaeology. Society of Biblical Literature, pp. 131-144. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt46n483.12 [Accessed 14 May 2024].
The artistic representations of the Sea Peoples were generated using the DALL-E 3 API, developed by OpenAI. They were created using prompts listed below, single shot and multi-shot with minor changes in some instances where the image was not satisfactory, adding keywords like '4k painting etc.'.
  • Enigmatic marauders whose sudden raids and assaults played a decisive role in the collapse of Bronze Age civilizations across the Mediterranean.
  • Desperate migrants driven by severe climatic changes who swarmed over the shores of the eastern Mediterranean, disrupting ancient societies in their quest for new lands to settle.
  • A formidable coalition of maritime tribes, whose combined strength and tactical prowess brought about the downfall of several prominent Bronze Age empires.
  • Emerging as the proto-pirates of the Bronze Age, the Sea Peoples exploited the weakness of existing states, preying on commerce and coastal cities through swift naval raids.
  • In the face of economic collapse and social upheaval in their homelands, the Sea Peoples embarked on a mass migration that led to conflicts with ancient Mediterranean civilizations.
  • The Sea Peoples were not merely invaders but catalysts for cultural and social transformation, challenging the stagnating powers and contributing to the cultural diffusion that defined the early Iron Age.
  • Some theories suggest the Sea Peoples were groups of mercenaries turned rogue, using their military skills to forge new territories and identities in a region rife with instability.
  • The Sea Peoples might be the forgotten founders of new dynasties and cultures in the Mediterranean, as they settled and merged with indigenous populations, laying the foundations for future civilizations.
  • Often painted as the primary culprits for the Bronze Age collapse, the Sea Peoples may have been historically scapegoated, their role perhaps exaggerated in the face of wider systemic failures across ancient civilizations.
  • Sea Peoples Philistine maritime DNA spiral abstract oil painting 4k science